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Markets made significant moves this week with the release of important economic data. Advanced gross domestic product (GDP) figures for the second quarter and the Core PCE Price index monthly update were of particular interest to investors.

On Thursday, it was revealed that the economy grew by an estimated 2.8 percent during the previous three months. This was well above the expected 2 percent growth and was nearly double that revised figure of 1.4 percent from the first quarter. At first, the news was seen as unsettling to those who were hoping for a rate cut in September.

However, after the market was able to digest the information, the odds for a September cut rebounded. The market now expects a rate cut of at least 25 basis points in September, with another in December.

This is largely because data has shown a slowdown in hiring, a slowdown in spending and an increase of the unemployment rate. According to many analysts, housing and gas prices are the largest hurdles to getting inflation to tick back to 2 percent.

On Friday, the Core Price Index showed a .2 percent increase on a monthly basis. This was exactly what analysts expected prior to the release. It was also revealed on Friday that personal income went up by .2 percent on a monthly basis while personal spending increased by .3 percent. While the spending figure came in as expected, personal income was expected to increase by .4 percent.

In other news this week, it was announced on Wednesday that the Flash Manufacturing PMI came in at 49.5 while the Flash Services PMI came in at 56. On Thursday it was reported that durable goods orders dropped 6.6 percent on a monthly basis. Meanwhile core durable goods orders were up .5 percent. Durable goods orders were expected to increase by .3 percent while core durable goods orders were expected to go up by .2 percent.

In addition, it was revealed on Thursday that there were 235,000 unemployment benefit claims in the past seven days. The number was slightly below a projected 237,000 claims and was also lower than last week’s figure of 245,000.

The Dow finished the week up 170 points to close at 40,589. The weekly gain was largely attributable to a strong close on Friday that saw the market gain 654 points, which was a 1.64 percent increase on the day. On Wednesday, the market made its weekly low of 39,899 and made a weekly high of 40,744 on Friday afternoon. For the week, the index would gain 1.64 percent.

The Nasdaq would lose 590 points this week to close at 17,357, and this was the second straight week that the tech index would suffer a significant loss. The high of the week took place on Tuesday when the market hit 18,099 and would make its weekly low of 17,070 on Thursday. For the week, the index would lose 2.08 percent.

The S&P 500 lost 80.94 points this week to close at 5,459. As with the other two indexes, the S&P had a strong Friday to somewhat mitigate the damage for investors over the week. The market made its high of the week of 5,580 on Tuesday and would make its low of the week of 5,399 on Thursday. For the week, the index would lose 0.83 percent.

In international news, the Bank of Canada announced on Wednesday that it would be lowering the country’s prime interest rate to 4.5 percent from 4.75 percent. Japan also announced this week that its inflation rate was 2.1 percent on an annualized basis.

There will be a number of news announcements coming out next week, which includes the July nonfarm payroll figure. The FOMC will also be meeting next week to make its latest interest rate decision. Although there have been some calling for a rate cut now, it’s unlikely that rates change before September. The Bank of Japan (BOJ) and the Bank of England (BOE) will also be making interest rate decisions for their respective countries.

The third week in July was another interesting one for investors as some data came in stronger than expected. For example, retail sales were flat over the past month compared to an expected drop of .3 percent. Core retail sales were up .4 percent compared to an expected increase of just .1 percent.

Those types of numbers would likely give the Federal Reserve pause to cut rates in the near future. However, it is also important to remember that a slowing labor market is also a reason to cut interest rates. After Tuesday’s retail sales numbers were better than anticipated, Thursday’s unemployment claims report showed that there were more requests for benefits than expected.

Over the past seven days, there were 243,000 claims compared to an expected 229,000. The 243,000 figure was also higher than last week’s 223,000 claims. As it’s unusual to see such volatility in the summer months, the unexpected increase could be a sign that the economy is slowing.

Of course, these weren’t the only data points available to market participants this week. On Monday, the Empire State Manufacturing Index came in a negative 6.6, which was lower than the anticipated negative 5.5. However, the Philly Fed Index came in at 13.4 compared to an expected 2.7 on Thursday.

On Friday, Fed member John Williams spoke and said that long-term trends indicate that the neutral rate is lower than the current rate. In other words, there is evidence to suggest that an interest rate cut in September could be appropriate. At a minimum, his words indicate that there will be sufficient cause for interest rate cuts at some point in the near to intermediate future.

Fed Chair Jerome Powell also seemed to agree with that sentiment during remarks he made on Monday. Powell said that there was confidence that the market was going to return to 2 percent inflation, but he also cautioned that he wasn’t going to signal that a rate cut was coming at any particular time. Therefore, everyone will just have to wait to see what the Fed decides to do between now and the end of the year.

The S&P 500 finished the week down 134 points to close at 5,505. This was a loss of 2.38 percent for the week for a market that has returned just over 21 percent over the last 12 months. The weekly high of 5,663 was made on Monday morning at about 11 a.m. while the weekly low of 5,499 was made on Friday afternoon.

The Dow finished the week up 20 points to close at 40,287, which was a gain of .05 percent for the previous five trading days. The market would make its high of the week on Thursday when it reached 41,365 and made its low of the week on Friday when it dipped to 40,230.

Finally, the Nasdaq plunged 4 percent this week to close at 17,726. It would open the week at 18,591, which was its highest point, before freefalling toward the low. On Friday, the market would close at its lowest point of the previous five trading days.

International markets were also quite busy this week as Canada announced its most recent inflation numbers on Tuesday. The Bank of Canada (BOC) revealed that median inflation was 2.6 percent on an annualized basis compared to an expected 2.7 percent. New Zealand announced inflation rose .4 percent over the last quarter compared to an expected .5 percent while inflation in Great Britain was 2 percent on an annualized basis compared to an expected 1.9 percent.

The European Central Bank (ECB) kept its main refinancing rate at 4.25 percent on Thursday. Finally, on Friday, Great Britain and Canada announced that retail sales had dropped over the past month. Sales lagged by 1.2 percent in Great Britain and by .8 percent in Canada.

The upcoming week is going to start slow but likely finish with a flurry of volatility. In the United States, GDP data is expected to be released on Thursday while the Core PCE Price Index is released on Friday. Flash Manufacturing PMI and Flash Services PMI in the United States and throughout the Eurozone will be released throughout the day on Wednesday.

This week was a pivotal one for market participants who were hoping for a rate cut in the near future. On Thursday, monthly and annual CPI figures were released, and for the most part, they came in better than expected. On an annual basis, inflation came in at 3 percent, which beat the expected 3.1 percent prior to the release.

On a monthly basis, Core CPI was up .1 percent while overall CPI was down .1 percent. Core CPI was expected to be .2 percent for the month while overall CPI was expected to be .1 percent. Shortly after the news broke, Fed member Goolsbee posted a message on X saying that the numbers were to be expected if inflation were moving back toward 2 percent.

The good news sparked speculation that the Fed might be ready to cut interest rates as soon as September. Fed Chair Jerome Powell and other members of the Fed have acknowledged that policy is restrictive, and economic data has continued to show a slowdown in economic activity.

On Tuesday and Wednesday, Powell testified to members of the House and acknowledged that inflation is not the only hazard the economy faces. In addition, a labor shortage could also cause a recession or other problems for consumers and businesses. Therefore, if hiring begins to slow, it may also be a reason to cut rates even if inflation isn’t all the way back to 2 percent.

Powell also said that he was somewhat confident that inflation was going back to 2 percent and that there was no set number in mind before rate cuts could occur. He also declined to provide any guidance as to when the first cut would occur, so a September cut is still little more than speculation at this point.

On Friday, the Price Producer Index (PPI) was released and seemed to be at odds with Thursday’s developments. The Core PPI on a monthly basis increased by .4 percent while the prices of all goods went up by .2 percent. It was expected that Core PPI would go up by .2 percent while overall PPI would go up by .1 percent.

However, many who have had a chance to dive deeper into the data say that the increase is largely attributable to random volatility. Ultimately, the notion that inflation is cooling is the correct one and that rate cuts should still be on the table at some point this year.

In other news this week, unemployment claims came in at 222,000 compared to an expected 236,000. On Friday, the University of Michigan released its consumer sentiment and inflation expectation reports. They found that consumer sentiment dipped to 66 percent compared to an expected 68.5 percent. It was also revealed that consumers believed inflation would be at 2.9 percent 12 months from now.

The S&P 500 continued to make new highs as it finished the week at 5,615. During the last five trading days, the market gained 40.88 points, which was a .73 increase. The market made its low of the week on Monday when it dipped to 5,563 and made its high of the week on Friday when the market hit 5,651.

The Dow finished up 447 points to finish at just over 40,000. On Tuesday morning, the Dow reached its low of the week when it dipped to 39,190. On Friday afternoon, the market made its high of the week at 40,234.

The Nasdaq finished at 20,331, which was a dip of .23 percent for the week. The market would make its high of the week on Wednesday at 20,667 before falling to its low of the week 20,173 on Thursday afternoon.

In international news, the Bank of Japan (BOJ) reportedly intervened in the foreign exchange (FOREX) markets on behalf of the Yen on Thursday. The intervention reportedly cost the BOJ the equivalent of $22 billion. On Tuesday night, New Zealand announced it was holding its core interest rate steady at 5.5 percent. On Thursday morning, Great Britain announced that its gross domestic product (GDP) grew by .4 percent on a monthly basis.

The upcoming week will feature a few key news releases with the first coming on Monday when the Empire State Manufacturing report is released. On Tuesday, retail sales data will be made public while unemployment claims data comes out on Thursday. Jerome Powell is also scheduled to talk on Monday afternoon.